NMNH Surface Temp - Calcarata

Microscopic, single-celled organisms called foraminifera have a fossil record that extends from today to more than 500 million years ago. Although each organism is just a single cell, they build complex shells around themselves from minerals in the seawater. These shells have accumulated in layers of sediment below the seafloor of the open ocean and in regions where the ocean once flooded the continents for millions of years. By examining the shell chemistry of these ancient organisms, scientists can learn about Earth’s climate long before humans ever walked the planet—and get insight into how climate changed in the past.

The research team compiled more than 150,000 published data points from five different geochemical archives (or “proxies”) for ancient ocean temperature that are preserved in fossilized shells and other types of ancient organic matter.