Skip to main content Skip to main navigation
heart-solid My Visit Donate
Home Smithsonian Institution IK development site for ODI
Press Enter to activate a submenu, down arrow to access the items and Escape to close the submenu.
    • Overview
    • Museums and Zoo
    • Entry and Guidelines
    • Museum Maps
    • Dine and Shop
    • Accessibility
    • Visiting with Kids
    • Group Visits
    • Overview
    • Exhibitions
    • Online Events
    • All Events
    • IMAX & Planetarium
    • Overview
    • Topics
    • Collections
    • Research Resources
    • Stories
    • Podcasts
    • Overview
    • For Caregivers
    • For Educators
    • For Students
    • For Academics
    • For Lifelong Learners
    • Overview
    • Become a Member
    • Renew Membership
    • Make a Gift
    • Volunteer
    • Overview
    • Our Organization
    • Our Leadership
    • Reports and Plans
    • Newsdesk
heart-solid My Visit Donate

Zitkála-Šá

Portrait Gallery

This media is in the public domain (free of copyright restrictions). You can copy, modify, and distribute this work without contacting the Smithsonian. For more information, visit the Smithsonian's Open Access page.
International media Interoperability Framework
IIIF provides researchers rich metadata and media viewing options for comparison of works across cultural heritage collections. Visit the IIIF page to learn more.
View manifest View in Mirador Viewer

Object Details

Artist

Joseph Turner Keiley, 26 Jul 1869 - 21 Jan 1914

Sitter

Zitkála-Šá, 22 Feb 1876 - 26 Jan 1938

Exhibition Label

Born Yankton Sioux Reservation, Dakota Territory
Zitkála-Šá, also known as Gertrude Simmons Bonnin, was an author and advocate for Indigenous self-determination. At age eight, she left the Yankton Sioux reservation to attend White’s Indiana Manual Labor Institute boarding school. There she was forced to cut her hair, speak English, and adopt the customs of her Quaker teachers. Studious and talented, she attended Earlham College on a scholarship and studied violin at the New England Conservatory of Music.
Beginning in 1900, she wrote a series of essays criticizing assimilation. In “The School Days of an Indian Girl,” she lamented, “It was next to impossible to leave the iron routine after the civilizing machine had once begun its day’s buzzing.” She also collaborated on the first Indigenous opera, Sun Dance (1913).
Alongside her many creative pursuits, Zitkála-Šá organized voter registration drives, and in 1926, she cofounded the National Council of American Indians. She has been chosen to appear on commemorative 2024 U.S. quarters.
Nacida en la Reservación Yankton Sioux, Territorio Dakota
Zitkála-Šá, también conocida como Gertrude Simmons Bonnin, fue escritora y defensora de la autonomía de los pueblos indígenas. A los ocho años dejó la Reservación Yankton Sioux para ir como interna al Instituto de Trabajo Manual de Josiah White en Indiana. Allí la obligaron a cortarse el pelo, hablar inglés y adoptar las costumbres de sus maestros cuáqueros. Estudiosa e inteligente, asistió becada a Earlham College y estudió violín en el Conservatorio de Música de Nueva Inglaterra.
A partir de 1900 escribió ensayos contra la aculturación. En “Los días escolares de una niña india”, lamentaba que: “era casi imposible desviarse de la rutina férrea una vez que la maquinaria civilizadora iniciaba su frenética actividad del día”. También colaboró en la primera ópera indígena, Danza del sol (1913).
Además, Zitkála-Šá organizó campañas para inscribir votantes y en 1926 cofundó el Concilio Nacional de Indios Americanos. Fue elegida para aparecer en monedas conmemorativas de 25¢ de EE.UU. en el 2024.

Credit Line

National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution

Date

1898 (printed 1901)

Object number

S/NPG.79.26

Restrictions & Rights

CC0

Type

Photograph

Medium

Photogravure

Dimensions

Image: 15.9 × 9.5 cm (6 1/4 × 3 3/4")
Sheet: 16.3 × 9.9 cm (6 7/16 × 3 7/8")
Mount: 28 × 20.2 cm (11 × 7 15/16")
Mat: 45.7 × 35.6 cm (18 × 14")

See more items in

National Portrait Gallery Collection

Exhibition

The Struggle for Justice - Current Installation

On View

NPG, West Gallery 220

Data Source

National Portrait Gallery

Topic

Costume\Jewelry\Necklace
Zitkála-Šá: Female
Zitkála-Šá: Arts and Culture\Literature\Writer
Zitkála-Šá: Social Welfare and Reform\Reformer
Zitkála-Šá: Arts and Culture\Performing Arts\Music\Musician\Violinist
Zitkála-Šá: Social Welfare and Reform\Reformer\Lobbyist
Portrait

Metadata Usage

CC0

Link to Original Record

http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/sm40be7cf4f-34d9-4d51-a471-c5078ca7f938

Record ID

npg_S_NPG.79.26

Discover More

Zitkala-Sa portrait, Sioux woman

Meeting of Two Gertrudes

arrow-up Back to top
Home
  • Facebook facebook
  • Instagram instagram
  • LinkedIn linkedin
  • YouTube youtube

  • Contact Us
  • Get Involved
  • Shop Online
  • Job Opportunities
  • Equal Opportunity
  • Inspector General
  • Records Requests
  • Accessibility
  • Host Your Event
  • Press Room
  • Privacy
  • Terms of Use